Rev Bras Fisiol Exerc 2020;19(4):301-11

doi: 10.33233/rbfex.v19i4.4249

REVIEW

Exercise as early mobilization in patients using vasoactive drugs

Exercício como mobilização precoce em pacientes com uso de drogas vasoativas

 

Amanda Mariano Morais1, Daiane Naiara da Penha1, Danila Gonçalves Costa1, Vanessa Beatriz Aparecida Fontes Schweling1, Jaqueline Aparecida Almeida Spadari1, Giulliano Gardenghi1,2

 

1Hospital e Maternidade São Cristóvão, São Paulo, SP, Brasil

2Hospital ENCORE, Aparecida de Goiânia, GO, Brasil

 

Received on: July 5, 2020; Accepted on: August 10, 2020.

Corresponding author: Giulliano Gardenghi, Rua Gurupi, Quadra 25, Lote 6 a 8 Vila Brasília 74905-350 Aparecida de Goiânia GO, Brasil

 

Amanda Mariano Morais: amanda.c.mariana@hotmail.com

Daiane Naiara da Penha: daianepnaiara@gmail.com

Danila Gonçalves Costa: dgoncalves081@gmail.com

Vanessa Beatriz Aparecida Fontes Schweling: vanessafontes.fisio@gmail.com

Jaqueline Aparecida Almeida Spadari: jaque.spadari@gmail.com

Giulliano Gardenghi: ggardenghi@encore.com.br

 

Abstract

Introduction: The functional benefits of Early Mobilization (EM) capable of minimizing limitations and deformities are obvious, but many barriers exist to conduct EM as a routine practice in the Intensive Care Unit (ICU), including the use of vasoactive drugs (VAD), directly related to weakness acquired in the ICU, in addition to the resistance of the multidisciplinary team to mobilize the patient using VAD. Objective: The objective of this review was to raise a scientific basis in the management of critically ill patients using VADs for EM in the ICU. Methods: This is an integrative review, with research in the databases PEDro, Pubmed, Lilacs of articles published between 2011 and 2018, in Portuguese and English, using the terms: vasoactive drugs, early mobility, exercise in UCI, vasopressor and its equivalents in Portuguese. Results: Nine studies were included that analyzed the EM intervention in patients using VAD, with or without ventilatory support. There was no homogeneous treatment among the researched works, varying between exercises in bed and outside, with passive and/or active action. However, regardless of the conduct, the cardiovascular response improved without relevant changes regarding the use of VAD. Conclusion: EM is not contraindicated for patients in the ICU with use of VAD, and is effective and safe without promoting relevant hemodynamic and cardiorespiratory changes, which would determine its absolute contraindication.

Keywords: vasodilator agents; early ambulation; intensive care units; physical therapy specialty.

 

Resumo

Introdução: São claros os benefícios funcionais da mobilização precoce (MP) capaz de minimizar limitações e deformidades diante do imobilismo, porém são muitas as barreiras para conduzir a MP como prática de rotina na unidade de terapia intensiva (UTI), entre elas, o uso de drogas vasoativas (DVA), visto que está diretamente relacionado à fraqueza adquirida na UTI, além da presença da resistência da equipe multidisciplinar em mobilizar o paciente em uso de DVA. Objetivo: O objetivo desta revisão de literatura é levantar embasamento científico no manejo do paciente crítico em uso de DVA para MP em UTI. Métodos: É uma revisão integrativa da literatura, com pesquisa nas bases de dados: PEDro, Pubmed, Lilacs, com artigos publicados entre 2011 e 2018, em português e inglês, utilizando os termos: vasoactive drugs, early mobility, exercise in ICU, vasopressor e seus equivalentes em português. Resultados: Foram incluídos nove trabalhos que analisaram a intervenção de MP em pacientes com uso de DVA, com ou sem suporte ventilatório. Não houve um tratamento homogêneo entre os trabalhos pesquisados, variando entre exercícios no leito e fora, de ação passiva e/ou ativa. Porém, independente da conduta, houve melhora da resposta cardiovascular sem alterações relevantes quanto ao uso da DVA. Conclusão: A MP não é contraindicada para pacientes em UTI com uso de DVA e mostrou-se eficaz e segura sem promover alterações hemodinâmicas e cardiorrespiratórias relevantes, que determinassem sua contraindicação absoluta.

Palavras-chave: vasodilatadores; deambulação precoce; unidades de terapia intensiva; Fisioterapia.

 

Introduction

 

Early mobilization (EM) is understood to mean physical therapy performed on the critical patient, in the first 48 hours of an installed disease, as a process of improving functionality and reducing time in Intensive Care Units (ICU) [1,2].

The functional benefits of EM are clear [3], capable of minimizing limitations and deformities [3-5]. It has better results when started early [4], with a positive effect on improving quality of life and longevity after discharge [6].

The prolonged stay in the ICU is associated with bed immobilization, which is responsible for the development of weakness acquired in the ICU due to the loss of skeletal muscle of 1-1.5% per day at rest [3,7] this loss may reach 3% [8] and still last for five years after hospital discharge [5,7]. Even with these data, immobility is considered a public health problem, since less than 10% of critical patients in Brazil are mobilized in a hospital environment, which impacts on the increase comorbidities and mortality [3,9].

Because it is little practiced, there are few national studies that demonstrate such a practice [9-11], however we know that patients who are most commonly mobilized early, are on mechanical ventilation [1,2,4-6,8,10-13], and a part, under the effect of several medications, due to the severity of the clinical scenario. In agreement with this data, in the United States of America it was observed that non-mechanically ventilated patients were less likely to be mobilized and, in addition, the exercises performed were limited to the bed [14].

There are many barriers to conduct EM as a routine practice in the ICU, ranging from the poorly prepared and untrained multiprofessional team, lack of equipment, instability of the patient's clinical condition, sedation and use of vasoactive drugs (VADs), and it is also necessary constant monitoring of hemodynamic repercussions. [7,15]

The literature states that VADs are among the most widely used drugs in all intensive care centers [16]. Many critically ill patients use these to optimize cardiac output and systemic and pulmonary vascular tone, due to their peripheral, pulmonary, cardiac and renal effects, with vasoconstriction, inotropism, chronotropism, bronchodilation and others. They can reestablish blood flow in vital organs in states of circulatory shock [17-19] for having fast and powerful action, improving the prognosis and survival of patients. However, the use of VADs is associated with weakness acquired in the ICU regardless of other factors, so that this loss of muscle strength will be more pronounced when associated with bed immobilization. Therefore, it should be used with caution and with hemodynamic and laboratory monitoring [20,21] because the response in alpha and beta receptors is directly related to the dose applied [19,21].

Resistance is perceived among physicians regarding the mobilization of patients using mechanical ventilation and drugs (sedation and vasoactive), which we fear often extends to the multidisciplinary team [5,22,23]. They use the risk of changes as a justification to the risk of cardiovascular criteria (mean arterial pressure, cardiac output and blood flow), since during EM there is an increase in oxygen consumption due to muscle activation, which can result in adverse events, especially if the team is not adequately prepared to perform this procedure [23].

A better understanding of the risks when mobilizing patients who are using VADs can reduce the distance between research and clinical practice. Having knowledge of the barriers that imply in performing EM and the concomitant use of VADs, the purpose of this literature review is to raise scientific basis in the management of critically ill patients using VADs for EM in the ICU.

 

Methods

 

This study is an integrative literature review and research was carried out through the databases: PEDro, Pubmed, Lilacs, with articles published between 2011 and 2018, in Portuguese and English, using the terms: vasoactive drugs, early mobility, exercise in ICU, vasopressor and its equivalents in Portuguese. The articles were evaluated according to the recommendation of “Oxford Center for Evidence-Based Medicine”: A) Systematic review (with homogeneity) of controlled and randomized clinical trials. Controlled and randomized clinical trial with narrow confidence interval. Therapeutic results of the “all or nothing” type; B) Systematic review (with homogeneity) of cohort studies. Cohort study (including randomized trial of lower quality). Observation of therapeutic results / Ecological study. Systematic review (with homogeneity) of case-control studies. Case-control study; C) Case reports (including lower quality cohort or case-control); D) Expert opinion without critical evaluation or based on basic subjects (physiological study or study with animals). In all the databases consulted, 63 articles were found and only nine were selected that fit the inclusion criteria, who underwent motor physiotherapeutic intervention in patients using VADs. Narrative / integrative or systematic review articles and studies that did not make clear the use of VADs were excluded. The selection flowchart follows below, in figure 1.

 

 

Figure 1 - Flowchart for selecting articles

 

Results

 

Nine articles were included, where patients were submitted to physical therapy intervention, with or without the use of VADs, with constant hemodynamic monitoring.

The results obtained through the selected studies are shown in tables I and II. Table I shows the name of the author, year of publication, the degree of evidence, the objective of the study and the conclusion obtained through the observed results. Table II shows the name of the author, year of publication, the sample of patients with their respective distribution and the physiotherapeutic intervention. It is important to note that the interventions described in Table II were different, but all were performed in a hospital environment. The results show that the use of VADs was not an obstacle to the performance of EM, as they did not cause hemodynamic instability, in addition to potentially improving the cardiovascular response to muscle activation. In addition, there were no adverse events that required an increase in the dose of VADs, showing, therefore, that their presence is not a contraindication for physical therapy interventions.

 

 

Table I - Degree of recommendation, objective of the study and the conclusion of the articles of early mobilization in patients using VAD. (ver Anexo em PDF)

Table II - Sample of patients with respective distribution in groups and type of intervention performed on a patient using VAD. (ver Anexo em PDF)

 

Discussion

 

The literary survey carried out and demonstrated in the results provided evidence that EM in the ICU, in the presence of VADs, can be a safe alternative in the care of critical patients, seeking to minimize the negative repercussions of bed immobilization.

The consensus of experts published in 2014 by Hodgson et al. [29] was unable to reach an agreement regarding the dose of VADs that can be considered safe to initiate early mobilization. However, Boyd et al. [25] evaluated the safety limits for exercise in intensive care units in patients using VADs, based on the same system of signs and colors as the consensus mentioned above, in which green means low risk of adverse events, yellow, when there are risks for mobilization, but the benefits overlap risks as long as the team is qualified and trained in the processes and red, when there is a potential risk of adverse events with serious consequences. In this prospective cohort study, there were 91 patients, and the authors recorded the most advanced form of exercise (that is, the exercise with the greatest muscle activation) used each day, defining active exercises performed in or out of bed as rehabilitation exercises. VADs were categorized, according to individual dose, into low, moderate and high doses. Patients who used more than one VAD were categorized according to the highest level of one of the medications [25].

In summary, there were 809 mobilization opportunities, with the physiotherapist who made the decision on the indication of mobilization, in 260 (32.1%) of these opportunities rehabilitation did not occur because passive mobilizations were performed, which for the authors was not considered a rehabilitation intervention. In the total of mobilizations performed, on 299 occasions the patients were using inotropes or vasopressors, in 144 (48.16%) of these occasions the exercise was not performed. The exercises in bed occurred in 41 (13.71%) of these sessions, and in 114 (38.12%) occasions they were performed out of bed. Of all these occasions, only one adverse event occurred when patients were on VAD support. This adverse event was defined as cardiovascular instability and occurred when using the tilt table in a patient who was classified as receiving a moderate level of inotropic support (0.15 mcg / kg / min noradrenaline). At the conclusion of the study, they suggest that addiction to vasoactive medication should not be considered a reason to retain exercise rehabilitation [25].

Camargo et al. [2] performed a single passive cycle ergometer exercise for lower limbs for 20 minutes in 19 hemodynamically stable patients, deeply sedated and mechanically ventilated. Among those evaluated, 13 (68%) were using noradrenaline. The hemodynamic, respiratory and metabolic variables were evaluated minute by minute before, during and after exercise. The variables analyzed included: cardiac output, systemic vascular resistance, central venous oxygen saturation in the blood, respiratory rate and tidal volume, oxygen consumption, carbon dioxide, blood lactate production and levels. In conclusion, exercise was considered safe, not being associated with significant changes in hemodynamic, respiratory conditions or metabolic variables, even in those that required vasoactive agents.

Passive exercises (PE) are widely used in the treatment of unconscious patients and an early start is recommended. Genc et al. [28] aimed to determine the effects of PE on hemodynamic and respiratory parameters in critically ill patients receiving vasopressor or inotropic support at a low dose. The medical records of 120 patients were evaluated and were retrospectively grouped into two groups in which thirty-eight patients did not receive vasopressor / inotropic support (group 1) and 82 patients received low-dose vasopressor / inotropic support (group 2). Central venous pressure, heart rate, mean arterial pressure, and oxygen saturation were recorded before and immediately after PE. No statistically significant difference was observed in the rate of change in hemodynamic or respiratory parameters between the two groups after PE. This retrospective study confirmed that PE results in similar hemodynamic and respiratory changes in critically ill patients who received low doses of vasopressor / inotropic support compared to those who did not.

In a recent study by Gardenghi et al. [24], 26 patients underwent cardiac surgery for myocardial revascularization or valve replacement, performed with median sternotomy, and half were using dobutamine and norepinephrine with doses at medical discretion. They were submitted to active exercises on the 1st PO day using a cycle ergometer for upper limbs for 5 minutes with intensity assessed by effort and dyspnea (4 and 5 on the Borg scale), and by the parameters of HR, SpO2 and MAP. Gardenghi et al. were able to demonstrate that EM in this group was safe, as there were no related adverse events, and mainly, there were no abnormal hemodynamic changes even in patients using VADs.

Liu et al. [15] showed that EM is safe, even when performed by professionals who are not specialized in EM, in a hospital without a culture of mobilization, performing basic training for only one month. They determined the safety of mobilization by assessing the incidence rate of adverse events in rehabilitation sessions. During 587 sessions there were 13 adverse events that included seven episodes of patient intolerance and six of orthostatic hypotension, and activity was stopped. There were no serious adverse events that required additional treatment such as increasing the dose of VAD. In addition, it was observed that patients who received therapy for about 20 minutes, the real time being determined according to the case of each patient, took an average time of 1.2 days to get out of bed.

Garzon-Serrano et al. [7] evaluated the level of mobilization performed by physiotherapists and nurses in patients admitted to the ICU, on a scale of 0 to 4, where 4 was the highest level of mobilization. Activities were carried out at the bedside, transfers from bed to chair and gait training, so mobilization was considered a process of improving mobility in the ICU. The use of VADs was not a predictor of exclusion for mobilization, and they were used to maintain stable hemodynamic parameters, and their use did not promote adverse effects on patients. The level of patient mobilization achieved by physical therapists was higher than that achieved by nurses. Among the professionals, different mobilization barriers were identified, such as hemodynamic instability and renal replacement therapy, which were barriers more considered by nurses, while neurological impairment was classified as a higher barrier by physical therapists. Due to a direct relationship between the level of mobilization and the beneficial effects of it, initiatives to standardize this intervention among intensivists become important.

In the prospective multicenter cohort study carried out by Hodgson et al. [12], developed in 12 ICUs in Australia and New Zealand, with 192 patients, the practice of EM, strength at discharge from the ICU and functional recovery of patients on mechanical ventilation were investigated. As barriers to EM, sedation and intubation were identified. Activities were performed in bed, bedside and out of bed, with sedation, orthostasis, ambulation and active movements for upper limbs and lower limbs in flexion and extension, after an average of 5 days of hospitalization. Ambulation was performed after day 7 of hospitalization. 209 mobilizations were recorded, and there were no serious adverse events, except for 6 records where interruption due to cardiovascular or respiratory instability occurred, without the need for medical intervention. The use of VAD was present in 66% of the patients and was not an impediment to treatment. Thus, the MRC-SS score was higher in patients who were mobilized on MV (50.0 ± 11.2 versus 42.0 ± 10.8, P = 0.003). And yet, more than 50% of patients discharged from the ICU developed weakness acquired in the ICU associated with death after discharge.

In the study by Wolfe et al. [20], which consists of a secondary analysis of patients who were selected to receive early mobilization within 72 hours of MV, patients were subjected to tests of muscle strength by the bed by a blind therapist, to assess whether had developed muscle weakness acquired in the ICU (ICU-AW). Of the 172 patients analyzed, 80 demonstrated ICU-AW at hospital discharge. The authors reported that the use of VADs was associated with a three-fold increase in the chances of developing ICU-AW, regardless of other established risk factors. They mention that this effect is directly associated with the duration of vasoactive medication and the cumulative dose of norepinephrine, which is not seen in vasopressin and phenylephrine. They also observed that only the β-adrenergic groups of VADs (noradrenaline, epinephrine, dopamine and dobutamine) were significantly linked to the development of ICU-AW [20].

In 2016 Hodgson [27] followed an EM protocol, where patients performed activities at the highest level they could, aiming to maximize the safety of the mobilization. Patients were not excluded because they were using VAD, they were only excluded from early mobilization if they had a norepinephrine dose> 0.2µg / kg / min or a 25% increase in the dose of any VAD in the last 6 hours. It resulted in an increase in mobility minutes performed by patients in the ICU, reaching a higher level of activity after discharge. On the other hand, four adverse events were reported, namely agitation and transient hypotension and only one was necessary to interrupt the therapy, none of which required complementary drug therapy.

This article has limitations that should be noted. As it is a literature review, it is not possible through it to specify that all literature on the subject has been included, no matter how much the authors have tried to do so. It also includes different populations, which can interfere with the conclusion.

 

Conclusion

 

In the search to reduce the distance between scientific research and clinical practice, this literature review showed that early mobilization for ICU patients using vasoactive drugs proved to be effective and safe without promoting relevant hemodynamic and cardiorespiratory changes, which would determine their absolute contraindication. Thus, in view of the beneficial responses, early mobilization can and should be used as a resource in intensive care, as long as there is a monitoring of risks by the multidisciplinary team.

 

Conflict of interest statement

 

The authors report no financial relationships or conflicts of interest in relation to the content of this document.

 

Authors' participation

 

Conception and design of the study: GG and JAAS. Data acquisition: AMM, DNP, DGC and VBAFS. Analysis and interpretation of data: GG and JAAS. Writing of the manuscript: AMM, DNP, DGC and VBAFS. Critical review: GG and JAAS.

 

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