Análise das diferenças entre corredores africanos e caucasianos de meio-fundo e fundo

Autores

  • José Augusto Rodrigues dos Santos Universidade do Porto

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.33233/rbfe.v11i3.3401

Resumo

O êxito competitivo dos corredores de meio-fundo e fundo provenientes do Leste de África tem sido motivo de muita especulação. Várias razões têm sido aduzidas para justificar a excelência competitiva desses atletas, entre as quais se salientam um especial traço genético favorável ao rendimento desportivo nas corridas de duração e as condições ambientais especí­ficas que potenciam esses atletas desde o seu nascimento. Seleção genética versus determinismo do envolvimento tem sido o tema recorrente para diversos estudos que procuram a razão fundamental para o êxito desportivo dos corredores africanos de elite. Este estudo pretendeu fazer uma revisão atualizada dos vários contributos que nos permitam fazer alguma luz sobre os fatores eventualmente discriminadores entre os corredores de meio-fundo e fundo africanos e caucasianos. Tentamos abordar o êxito desportivo dos corredores Leste Africanos através de dois tipos de enfoque: biológico (genético, antropométrico, fisiológico, morfológico) e sócio ambiental (caracterí­sticas do envolvimento, perfil do treino e recuperação, nutrição, estilo de vida, perfil psicológico e emocional). Da análise dos vários estudos verificamos que a genética não discrimina os corredores de meio-fundo e fundo africanos dos seus pares caucasianos. Também os indicadores fisiológicos apresentam reduzida capacidade discriminativa. Parece existirem traços antropométricos caracterí­sticos dos corredores negros – menor perí­metro e maior comprimento da perna – que podem corresponder a vantagens biomecânicas para a corrida, mas que não suficientes, por si só, para justificar a excelência competitiva dos corredores africanos de elite. Das condicionantes ambientais e sociais, verifica-se que as caracterí­sticas do envolvimento (altitude, temperatura), a alimentação e o estilo de vida não são a razão das diferenças verificadas no perfil competitivo dos corredores negros e brancos. Diferenças no perfil de treino e recuperação bem como as caracterí­sticas psicológicas e emocionais dos corredores Africanos, parecem poder justificar o domí­nio dos corredores negros Africanos de meio-fundo e fundo nas principais competições desportivas internacionais.

Palavras-chave: corrida, genética, altitude, fisiologia, antropometria, rendimento.

Biografia do Autor

José Augusto Rodrigues dos Santos, Universidade do Porto

Universidade do Porto, Faculdade de Desporto, Departamento de Atletismo, Centro de Investigação, Formação, Inovação e Intervenção em Desporto (CIFI2D), Portugal

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Publicado

2021-04-09