Mecanismos moleculares associados í hipertrofia e hipotrofia muscular: relação com a prática do exercício físico
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.33233/rbfe.v16i2.972Resumo
As células (fibras) musculares estriadas esqueléticas são altamente especializadas, podendo apresentar uma alta capacidade de adaptação morfológica, resultando, entre outras adaptações, em hipertrofia e hipotrofia muscular. Considerando que os processos de hipertrofia e hipotrofia muscular estão diretamente relacionados ao turnover proteico muscular, é importante destacar que as vias de síntese e degradação proteica ocorridas nesta célula são estimuladas por diversos sinais extracelulares controlados, destacando-se a prática do exercício físico agudo e crônico. Em linhas gerais, a hipertrofia muscular está relacionada com as seguintes vias de sinalização: Akt/mTOR (mammalian Target of Rapamycin) e regulação das AMPK (adenosine mono phosphate/AMP-activated protein kinase); ativação das células satélites; calcineurina/NFAT (Nuclear Factor of Activated T cells); regulação da miostatina. A hipotrofia muscular relaciona-se com as vias: sinalização das catepsinas ou lisossomais; calpaínas dependentes de cálcio (Ca2+); caspases; ubiquitina proteassoma ATP-dependente (UPS); FoxO (Forkhead box O); TNFα (Tumor Necrosis Factor-α); NFkB (Nuclear Factor kappa-B); glicocorticoides. Sendo assim, o objetivo deste estudo de revisão é elucidar estas vias envolvidas nos processos de hipertrofia e hipotrofia muscular, relacionando-as com os diversos tipos de exercício e treinamento físico.
Palavras-chave: treinamento físico, vias de sinalização, células satélites, miostatina.Â
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