Trunk strength according to age and physical activity level: Are older active women as strong as inactive young women?

Authors

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.33233/rbfex.v20i2.3270

Abstract

Objectives: To evaluate trunk extensors and flexors muscle strength according to age and physical activity level. In addition to comparing inactive young women with active older women on maximal trunk strength. Methods: Twenty-eight young and thirty older women physically inactive participated in the research. They became active later, with the inclusion of physical activity in their routines. Participants were evaluated for maximal isometric strength of trunk extensors and flexors muscles using a strength sensor connected to a stable wooden seat that isolated the trunk muscles. Dependent and independent t-tests were used for analysis regarding age and level of physical activity. The significance level adopted was ≤ 5%. Results: Regarding the strength of the trunk extensors and flexors, physically active young and older women had a higher level of strength when compared to inactive conditions. Regarding the comparison between inactive young and active older women, it was found that the active older women presented similar levels of extensor muscle strength when compared to the inactive young women. Conclusion: The strength of trunk flexors and extensors was influenced by age and physical activity level. Physically active older women have the same level of trunk extensor muscle strength as inactive young women.

Author Biographies

Iohanna Gilnara Santos Fernandes, UFS

Graduação em Educação Fí­sica pela Universidade Federal de Sergipe

Levy Anthony de Oliveira, UFS

Mestrando do Programa de Pós Graduação em Educação Fí­sica da Universidade Federal de Sergipe

Diêgo Augusto Nascimento, UERJ

Mestrando do Programa de Pós Graduação em Ciências do Exercí­cio e Esporte da Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro

Marta Silva Santos, UFS

Mestrado em Educação Fí­sica, Doutoranda do Programa de Pós-Graduação das Ciências Fisiológicas da Universidade Federal de Sergipe

Marzo Edir Da Silva-Grigoletto, UFS

Possui Graduação em Educação Fisica pela Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (2001), Mestrado em Doutorado em "Ciencias Aplicadas a la Actividad Fí­sica y el Deporte", Universidad de Córdoba, Pós-Doutorado no Hospital Reina Sofia;  Professor da Universidade Federal de Sergipe, Departamento de Educação Fí­sica, Coordenador do Programa de Pós-Graduação em Educação Fí­sica.  Lí­der do Functional Training Group, grupo de pesquisa de referência no estudo de treinamento funcional a ní­vel nacional e internacional.  

References

Gault M. Aging, functional capacity and eccentric exercise training. Aging Dis 2013;4(6):351-63. doi: 10.14336/AD.2013.0400351

WHO. Falls. [Internet]. World Health Organization. Geneve; 2018. Available on: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/falls

Kasukawa Y, Miyakoshi N, Hongo M, Ishikawa Y, Noguchi H, Kamo K, et al. Relationships between falls, spinal curvature, spinal mobility and back extensor strength in elderly people. J Bone Miner Metab 2010;28(1):82-7. doi: 10.1007/s00774-009-0107-1

Straight CR, Brady AO, Evans E. Sex-specific relationships of physical activity, body composition, and muscle quality with lower-extremity physical function in older men and women. Menopause 2015;22(3):297-303. doi: 10.1097/GME.0000000000000313

Westcott WL. Resistance Training is medicine: effects of strength training on health. Curr Sports Med Rep 2012;11(4):209-16. doi: 10.1249/JSR.0b013e31825dabb8

Doherty TJ, Brown WF. The estimated numbers and relative sizes of thenar motor units as selected by multiple point stimulation in young and older adults. Muscle Nerve 1993;16(4):355-66. doi: 10.1002/mus.880160404

Shahtahmassebi B, Hebert JJ, Hecimovich M, Fairchild TJ. Trunk exercise training improves muscle size, strength, and function in older adults: A randomized controlled trial. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2019;29(7):980-91. doi: 10.1111/sms.13415

Shahtahmassebi B, Hebert JJ, Hecimovich MD, Fairchild TJ. Associations between trunk muscle morphology, strength and function in older adults. Sci Rep 2017;7(1):10907. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-11116-0

Kibler WB, Press J, Sciascia A. The role of core stability in athletic function. Sports Med 2006;36(3):189-98. doi: 10.2165/00007256-200636030-00001

Bayramoğlu M, Akman MN, Klnç Ş, Çetin N, Yavuz N, Özker R. Isokinetic measurement of trunk muscle strength in women with chronic low-back pain. Am J Phys Med Rehabil 2001;80(9):650-5. doi: 10.1097/00002060-200109000-00004

Sions JM, Elliott JM, Pohlig RT, Hicks GE. Trunk Muscle characteristics of the multifidi, erector spinae, psoas, and quadratus lumborum in older adults with and without chronic low back pain. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2017;47(3):173-9. doi: 10.2519/jospt.2017.7002

Hughes DC, Wallace MA, Baar K. Effects of aging, exercise, and disease on force transfer in skeletal muscle. Am J Physiol-Endocrinol Metab 2015;309(1):E1-10. doi: 10.1152/ajpendo.00095.2015

Cuellar WA, Wilson A, Blizzard CL, Otahal P, Callisaya ML, Jones G, et al. The assessment of abdominal and multifidus muscles and their role in physical function in older adults: a systematic review. Physiotherapy 2017;103(1):21-39. doi: 10.1016/j.physio.2016.06.001

Häkkinen K, Alen M, Kallinen M, Newton RU, Kraemer WJ. Neuromuscular adaptation during prolonged strength training, detraining and re-strength-training in middle-aged and elderly people. Eur J Appl Physiol 2000;83(1):51-62. doi: 10.1007/s004210000248

Thomas JR, Nelson JK, Silverman SJ. Research methods in physical activity. 6th ed. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics; 2011.

Matsudo S, Araújo T, Matsudo V, Andrade D, Andrade E, Oliveira LC, et al. Questionário internacional de atividade física (IPAQ): estupo de validade e reprodutibilidade no Brasil. Rev Bras Atividade Física Saúde 2001;6(2):5-18. doi: 10.12820/rbafs.v.6n2p5-18

Global Recommendations on Physical Activity for Health [Internet]. WHO Guidelines Approved by the Guidelines Review Committee. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2010. Available on: https://www.who.int/dietphysicalactivity/global-PA-recs-2010.pdf

Sutarno CG, McGill SM. Isovelocity investigation of the lengthening behaviour of the erector spinae muscles. Eur J Appl Physiol 1995;70(2):146-53. doi: 10.1007/BF00361542

Mesquita MMA, Santos MS, Vasconcelos ABS, de Sá CA, Pereira LCD, Silva-Santos IBM, et al. Reliability of a test for assessment of isometric trunk muscle strength in elderly women. J Aging Res 2019;2019:1-6. doi: 10.1155/2019/9061839

Hopkins WG, Marshall SW, Batterham AM, Hanin J. Progressive statistics for studies in sports medicine and exercise science: Med Sci Sports Exerc 2009;41(1):3–13. doi: 10.1249/MSS.0b013e31818cb278

Aagaard P, Suetta C, Caserotti P, Magnusson SP, Kjaer M. Role of the nervous system in sarcopenia and muscle atrophy with aging: strength training as a countermeasure. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2010;20(1):49-64. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0838.2009.01084.x

Aragão-Santos JC, De Resende-Neto AG, Nogueira AC, Feitosa-Neta ML, Brandão LH, Chaves LM, et al. The effects of functional and traditional strength training on different strength parameters of elderly women: a randomized and controlled trial. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2020;59(3). doi: 10.23736/S0022-4707.18.08227-0

Lohne-Seiler H, Torstveit MK, Anderssen SA. Traditional versus functional strength training: effects on muscle strength and power in the elderly. J Aging Phys Act 2013;21(1):51-70. doi: 10.1123/japa.21.1.51

Shirado O, Ito T, Kaneda K, Strax TE. Concentric and eccentric strength of trunk muscles: Influence of test postures on strength and characteristics of patients with chronic low-back pain. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1995;76(7):604-11. doi: 10.1016/S0003-9993(95)80628-8

Lee J-H, Hoshino Y, Nakamura K, Kariya Y, Saita K, Ito K. Trunk muscle weakness as a risk factor for low back pain: a 5-year prospective study. Spine 1999;24(1):54-7. doi: 10.1097/00007632-199901010-00013

Cannon J, Kay D, Tarpenning KM, Marino FE. Comparative effects of resistance training on peak isometric torque, muscle hypertrophy, voluntary activation and surface EMG between young and elderly women. Clin Physiol Funct Imaging 2007;27(2):91-100. doi: 10.1111/j.1475-097X.2007.00719.x

Cannon J, Marino FE. Early-phase neuromuscular adaptations to high- and low-volume resistance training in untrained young and older women. J Sports Sci 2010;28(14):1505-14. doi: 10.1080/02640414.2010.517544

van der Burg JCE, Pijnappels M, van Dieën JH. Out-of-plane trunk movements and trunk muscle activity after a trip during walking. Exp Brain Res 2005;165(3):407-12. doi: 10.1007/s00221-005-2312-z

McGill S. Core training: evidence translating to better performance and injury prevention: Strength Cond J 2010;32(3):33-46. doi: 10.1519/SSC.0b013e3181df4521

Peter Reeves N, Narendra KS, Cholewicki J. Spine stability: The six blind men and the elephant. Clin Biomech 2007;22(3):266-74. doi: 10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2006.11.011

Hwang JH, Lee Y-T, Park DS, Kwon T-K. Age affects the latency of the erector spinae response to sudden loading. Clin Biomech 2008;23(1):23-9. doi: 10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2007.09.002

Kanehisa H, Miyatani M, Azuma K, Kuno S, Fukunaga T. Influences of age and sex on abdominal muscle and subcutaneous fat thickness. Eur J Appl Physiol 2004;91(5–6):534-7. doi: 10.1007/s00421-003-1034-9

Ota M, Ikezoe T, Kaneoka K, Ichihashi N. Age-related changes in the thickness of the deep and superficial abdominal muscles in women. Arch Gerontol Geriatr 2012;55(2):e26-30. doi: 10.1016/j.archger.2012.03.007

Johnson MA, Polgar J, Weightman D, Appleton D. Data on the distribution of fibre types in thirty-six human muscles. J Neurol Sci 1973;18(1):111-29. doi: 10.1016/0022-510X(73)90023-3

Sato T, Akatsuka H, Kito K, Tokoro Y, Tauchi H, Kato K. Age changes in size and number of muscle fibers in human minor pectoral muscle. Mech Ageing Dev 1984;28(1):99-109. doi: 10.1016/0047-6374(84)90156-8

Doherty TJ, Vandervoort AA, Brown WF. Effects of Ageing on the Motor Unit: A Brief Review. Can J Appl Physiol 1993;18(4):331-58. doi: 10.1139/h93-029

Andersen JL. Muscle fibre type adaptation in the elderly human muscle. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2003;13(1):40-7. doi: 10.1034/j.1600-0838.2003.00299.x

Fielding RA, Vellas B, Evans WJ, Bhasin S, Morley JE, Newman AB, et al. Sarcopenia: an undiagnosed condition in older adults. current consensus definition: prevalence, etiology, and consequences. International Working Group on Sarcopenia. J Am Med Dir Assoc 2011;12(4):249-56. doi: 10.1016/j.jamda.2011.01.003

Mesquita MMA, Santos MS, Vasconcelos ABS, Resende Neto AG, Aragão-Santos JC, Silva RJS, et al. Strength and endurance influence on the trunk muscle in the functional performance of elderly women. Int J Sports Exerc Med 2019;5(10). doi: 10.23937/2469-5718/1510147

Granacher U, Gollhofer A, Hortobágyi T, Kressig RW, Muehlbauer T. The importance of trunk muscle strength for balance, functional performance, and fall prevention in seniors: a systematic review. Sports Med 2013;43(7):627-41. doi: 10.1007/s40279-013-0041-1

Published

2021-07-25