Pain and movement: practical assessment methods for health and exercise professionals
Review - e235618 - Published 2024, Dec 20
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.33233/rbfex.v23i3.5618Keywords:
assessment, pain, quality of life, professional competence, physical exerciseAbstract
Introduction: Pain is an unpleasant experience that affects almost the entire world population at some point in life. While acute pain serves as a protective mechanism, chronic pain negatively impacts individuals' physical fitness, social and psychological aspects, leading to high levels of absenteeism and reduced productivity, thus becoming a global health issue. There are several treatment options for chronic pain, with physical exercise being the most recommended. However, to obtain the benefits of physical exercise in pain reduction, it is necessary to understand the factors that may be related to or interfere with the pain phenomenon. Likewise, it is essential to recognize that each individual responds differently to this phenomenon. In this context, a detailed pain assessment is required. Proper evaluation will allow movement professionals, such as physical education instructors, physiotherapists, and other health professionals, to act more efficiently in managing pain through physical exercise. Discussão: Nevertheless, pain assessment can sometimes be complex or costly, limiting its use in professional practice. Therefore, the present study seeks to present and discuss practical, low-cost methods for multidimensional pain assessment and highlight important concepts in pain management. Hence, this article will serve as a starting point for movement professionals in managing pain through practical and cost-effective methods.
References
DeSantana JM, Perissinotti DM, Oliveira Junior JO, Correia LM, Oliveira CM e Fonseca PR. Definition of pain revised after four decades. BrJP. 2020;3(3):197-8. doi: 10.5935/2595-0118.20200191
Latina R, Sansoni J, D’Angelo D, Di Biagio E, De Marinis MG e Tarsitani, G. Etiology and prevalence of chronic pain in adults: a narrative review. Professioni Infermieristiche. 2013;66(3):151–58. doi: 10.7429/pi.2013.663151
Aguiar DP, Souza CPQ, Barbosa WJM, Santos Júnior FFU, Oliveira AS. Prevalence of chronic pain in Brazil: systematic review. BrJP. 2021;4(3):257-67. doi: 10.5935/2595-0118.20210041
Patel AS, Farquharson R, Carroll D, Moore A, Phillips CJ, Taylor RS, et al. et al. The impact and burden of chronic pain in the workplace: a qualitative systematic review. Pain Practice, 2012;12(7):578–89. doi: 10.1111/j.1533-2500.2012.00547.x
Racine M. Chronic pain and suicide risk: a comprehensive review. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2018;87;269–80. doi: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2017.08.020
Liang Z, Tian S, Wang C, Zhang M, Guo H, Yu Y, et al. The best exercise modality and dose for reducing pain in adults with low back pain: a systematic review with model based Bayesian Network Meta-analysis. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2024;54(5):315-27. doi: 10.2519/jospt.2024.12153
Alves RC, Tavares JP, Funes RAC, Gasparetto GAR, Silva KCC, Ueda TK. Análise do conhecimento sobre dor pelos acadêmicos do curso de fisioterapia em centro universitário. Revista Dor. 2013;14(4):272–79. doi: 10.1590/S1806-00132013000400008
Silva AC e Ferreira J. Corpos no ‘limite’ e risco à saúde na musculação: etnografia sobre dores agudas e crônicas”. Interface - Comunicação, Saúde, Educação. 2017;21(60):141–51. doi: 10.1590/1807-57622015.0522
Meeus M, Hermans L, Ickmans K, et al. Endogenous pain modulation in response to exercise in patients with rheumatoid arthritis, patients with chronic fatigue syndrome and comorbid fibromyalgia, and healthy controls: a double-blind randomized controlled trial. Pain Pract. 2015;15(2):98-106. doi: 10.1111/papr.12181
Naugle KM, Fillingim RB, Riley JL. A meta-analytic review of the hypoalgesic effects of exercise. J Pain. 2012;13(12):1139-1150. doi: 10.1016/j.jpain.2012.09.006
Oliveira MAS, Fernandes RSC, Daher SS. Impact of exercise on chronic pain. Rev Bras Med Sport. 2014;20(3):200-203. doi: 10.1590/1517-86922014200301415
Bottega FH e Fontana RT. A dor como quinto sinal vital: utilização da escala de avaliação por enfermeiros de um hospital geral. Texto & Contexto Enfermagem. 2010;19(2):283–90. https://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=71416097009
Borges PA, Koerich MHAL, Wengerkievicz KC, Knabben RJ. Barreiras e facilitadores para adesão à prática de exercícios por pessoas com dor crônica na Atenção Primária à Saúde: estudo qualitativo. Physis: Revista de Saúde Coletiva. 2023;33:e33019. doi: 10.1590/s0103-7331202333019
Medeiros JD e Pinto APS. Impacto social e econômico na qualidade de vida dos indivíduos com lombalgia: revisão sistemática. Caderno de Graduação - Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde. 2014;2(1):73–78. https://periodicos.set.edu.br/fitsbiosaude/article/view/1037
Borisovskaya A, Chmelik E e Karnik A. Exercise and chronic pain. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. 2020;1228:233–53. doi: 10.1007/978-981-15-1792-1_16
Polaski AM, Phelps AL, Kostek MC, Szucs KA, Kolber BJ. Exercise-induced hypoalgesia: a meta-analysis of exercise dosing for the treatment of chronic pain. Plos One. 2019;14(1):e0210418. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0210418
Souza RFC e Pereira Júnior AA. Prevalência de dor lombar em praticantes de musculação. Revista da UNIFEBE. 2010;1(8):190–98. https://periodicos.unifebe.edu.br/index.php/RevistaUnifebe/article/view/549
Cardoso M. e Rosas RF. Presença de dor em praticantes de exercício físico em academia nas diferentes modalidades. Repositorio Unesc.net. 2012. http://repositorio.unesc.net/handle/1/956
Freire VHJ, Almeida BR, Barros RC, Soares ACN, Ribas IGC, Sá FAF. Caracterização da dor em praticantes profissionais e amadores de jiu-jitsu. Revista Eletrônica Acervo Saúde. 2023;23(10):e13888. doi: 10.25248/reas.e13888.2023
Buzetti LC, Silva VF, Ferreira GLA, Lima JÁ, Batista SO, Moretti VB et al. Prevalência e local de dor em praticantes de crossfit em uma cidade do sul de minas gerais. Rev Bras Med Esporte. 2023;29:e2021_0328. doi: 10.1590/1517-8692202329022021_0328p
Boron, W. F. Fisiologia médica. 2 ed. Rio de Janeiro: 2015.
Aires MM. Fisiologia. 4 ed. Rio de Janeiro: 2012.
Basbaum AI, Bautista DM, Scherrer G, Julius D. Cellular and molecular mechanisms of pain. Cell. 2009;139:267–84. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2009.09.028
Lee GI, Neumeister MW. Pain. Clin Plast Surg. 2020;47:173–80. doi: 10.1016/j.cps.2019.11.001
Martin E. Pathophysiology of pain. Pain Management in Older Adults, Cham: Springer International Publishing; 2018: p.7–29. doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-71694-7_2
Ossipov MH, Morimura K, Porreca F. Descending pain modulation and chronification of pain. Curr Opin Support Palliat Care. 2014;8:143–51. doi: 10.1097/SPC.0000000000000055
Nir R-R, Yarnitsky D. Conditioned pain modulation. Current Opinion in Supportive & Palliative Care 2015;9:131–7. doi: 10.1097/SPC.0000000000000126
Meeus M, Nijs J. Central sensitization: a biopsychosocial explanation for chronic widespread pain in patients with fibromyalgia and chronic fatigue syndrome. Clin Rheumatol. 2007;26:465–73. doi: 10.1007/s10067-006-0433-9
Lumley MA, Cohen JL, Borszcz GS, Cano A, Radcliffe AM, Porter LS, et al. Pain and Emotion: A Biopsychosocial Review of Recent Research. J Clin Psychol. 2011;67:942–68. doi: 10.1002/jclp.20816
Edwards RR, Dworkin RH, Sullivan MD, Turk D, Wasan AD. The role of psychosocial processes in the development and maintenance of chronic pain disorders. J Pain. 2016;17:T70–92. doi: 10.1016/j.jpain.2016.01.001
Sheng J, Liu S, Wang Y, Cui R, Zhang X. The Link between depression and chronic pain: neural mechanisms in the brain. Neural Plast. 2017;2017:1–10. doi: 10.1155/2017/9724371
Collado-Mateo D, Lavín-Perez AM, Penacoba C, Del Coso J, Leyton-Román M, Luque-Casado A, et al. Key Factors associated with adherence to physical exercise in patients with chronic diseases and older adults: an umbrella review. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021;18(4);2023. doi: 10.3390/ijerph18042023
Dansie EJ, Turk DC. Assessment of patients with chronic pain. Br J Anaesth 2013;111:19–25. doi: 10.1093/bja/aet124
Leite PMS, Mendonça ARC, Maciel LYS, Poderoso-Neto ML, Araujo CCA, Góis HCJ, et al. Does electroacupuncture treatment reduce pain and change quantitative sensory testing responses in patients with chronic nonspecific low back pain? a randomized controlled clinical trial. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2018;2018:e8586746. doi: 10.1155/2018/8586746
Stein C. Opioid receptors. Annu Rev Med. 2016;67:433-51. https://doi:10.1146/annurev-med-062613-093100
Amiri M. Alavinia M, Singh M e Kumbhare D. Pressure pain threshold in patients with chronic pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 202:100(7):656. doi: 10.1097/PHM.0000000000001603
Corrêa JB, Costa LO, Oliveira NT, Sluka KA e Liebano RE. Central sensitization and changes in conditioned pain modulation in people with chronic nonspecific low back pain: A case-control study. Exp Brain Res. 2015;233(8):2391–99. doi: 10.1007/s00221-015-4309-6
Staud R, Crass JG, Robinson ME, Peristen WM, Price DD. Atividade cerebral relacionada à soma temporal da dor evocada pela fibra C. Dor. 2007;129:130–42. doi: 10.1016/j.pain.2006.10.010
Koltyn KF, Knauf MT e Brellenthin AG. Temporal summation of heat pain modulated by isometric exercise. Eur J Pain. 2013;17(7): 1005–1011. doi: 10.1002/j.1532-2149.2012.00264.x
Woolf CJ. Central sensitization: implications for the diagnosis and treatment of pain. Pain 2011;152:S2–15. doi: 10.1016/j.pain.2010.09.030
Kennedy DL, Kemp HI, Wu C, Ridout DA e Rice ASC.Determining real change in conditioned pain modulation: A repeated measures study in healthy volunteers. J Pain. 2020;21(5-6):708–721. doi: 10.1016/j.jpain.2019.09.010
Ji R-R, Nackley A, Huh Y, Terrando N, Maixner W. Neuroinflammation and central sensitization in chronic and widespread pain. Anesthesiology. 2018;129:343–66. doi: 10.1097/ALN.0000000000002130
Sydney PBH, Conti PCR. Diretrizes para avaliação somatossensorial em pacientes portadores de disfunção temporomandibular e dor orofacial. Rev Dor. 2011;12:349–53. doi: 10.1590/S1806-00132011000400012
Pimenta CAM. Escalas de avaliação de dor. In: Teixeira MD (ed.) Dor conceitos gerais. São Paulo: Limay. 1994;46-56. https://repositorio.usp.br/item/000882788
Chiarotto A, Maxwell LJ, Ostelo RW, Boers M, Tugwell P, Terwee CB. Measurement properties of visual analogue scale, numeric rating scale, and pain severity subscale of the brief pain inventory in patients with low back pain: a systematic review. J Pain. 2019;20:245–63. doi: 10.1016/j.jpain.2018.07.009
Shafshak TS, Elnemr R. The visual analogue scale versus numerical rating scale in measuring pain severity and predicting disability in low back pain. J Clin Rheumatol. 2021;27:282–5. doi: 10.1097/RHU.0000000000001320
Tsze DS, von Baeyer CL, Bulloch B, Dayan PS. Validation of self-report pain scales in children. Pediatrics. 2013;132:e971–9. doi: 10.1542/peds.2013-1509
Pereira LV, Pereira GDA, Moura LAD, Fernandes RR. Pain intensity among institutionalized elderly: a comparison between numerical scales and verbal descriptors. Rev Esc Enferm USP. 2015;49:804–10. doi: 10.1590/S0080-623420150000500014
Hawker GA, Mian S, Kendzerska T, French M. Measures of adult pain: Visual Analog Scale for Pain (VAS Pain), Numeric Rating Scale for Pain (NRS Pain), McGill Pain Questionnaire (MPQ), Short-Form McGill Pain Questionnaire (SF-MPQ), Chronic Pain Grade Scale (CPGS), Short Form-36 Bodily Pain Scale (SF-36 BPS), and Measure of Intermittent and Constant Osteoarthritis Pain (ICOAP). Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2011;63Suppl 11:240-252. doi: 10.1002/acr.20543
Escalante A, Lichtenstein MJ, White K, Rios N, Hazuda HP. A method for scoring the pain map of the McGill pain questionnaire for use in epidemiologic studies. Aging Clin Exp Res. 1995;7(5):358–66. doi: 10.1007/BF03324346
Chiarotto A, Maxwell LJ, Ostelo RW, Boers M, Tugwell P, Terwee CB. Measurement properties of visual analogue scale, numeric rating scale, and pain severity subscale of the brief pain inventory in patients with low back pain: a systematic review. J Pain. 2019;20:245–63. doi: 10.1016/j.jpain.2018.07.009.
Bonafé FSS, Marôco J, Campos JADB. Questionário de autoeficácia relacionado à dor e seu uso em amostra com diferentes durações de ocorrência de dor. BrJP. 2018;1(1):33–9. doi: 10.5935/2595-0118.20180008
Robinson CL, Phung A, Dominguez M, Remotti E, Ricciardelli R, Momah DU, et al. Pain scales: what are they and what do they mean. Curr Pain Headache Rep. 2024;28(1):11–25. doi: 10.1007/s11916-023-01195-2
Downloads
Additional Files
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2024 Poliana de Jesus Santos, Lara Fabian Vieira Barbosa, José Carlos Aragão-Santos, Marcos Raphael Pereira-Monteiro, Marzo Edir Da Silva Grigoletto
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish in this journal agree to the following terms: Authors retain the copyright and grant the journal the right of first publication, with the work simultaneously licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution License which allows the sharing of work with acknowledgment of authorship and initial publication in this magazine; Authors are authorized to assume additional contracts separately, for non-exclusive distribution of the version of the work published in this journal (eg, publish in an institutional repository or as a book chapter), with acknowledgment of authorship and initial publication in this journal; Authors are allowed and encouraged to publish and distribute their work online (eg, in institutional repositories or on their personal page) at any point before or during the editorial process, as this can generate productive changes as well as increase impact and citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).
