Determination and control of resistance training intensity and volume in exercise science research and its application

Authors

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.33233/rbfex.v20i5.4770

Keywords:

variables; dosage; quantification; load; intensity; volume

Abstract

In early studies, where the positive effects of resistance training and repeated muscular efforts were documented, the purpose of science to know the best way to define, control, and dose strength training has been one of the issues that have concentrated the greatest interest and effort. This issue is extremely important since the results that originate from the highest quality scientific works should make it possible to continue generating the body of knowledge that helps to improve the training methodology and, therefore, the participation in the practice of the professionals. For this to be accomplished, scientific studies must have, among other attributes, a precise method for determining and controlling the variables that define the proposed training stimulus to verify the relationship between it and the effects produced. However, if this does not happen, the researchers and training professionals themselves run the risk of making decisions about the configuration of the stimuli (manipulating the variables of the load) based on “false” scientific conclusions, or in the best of cases, uncertain.

Author Biographies

Juan Ramón Heredia Elvar, Alfonso X el Sabio University,

Universidad Alfonso X el Sabio, Madrid, España, Instituto Internacional Ciencias Ejercicio Físico y Salud, Alicante, España

Guillermo Peña García-Orea, IICEFS

Instituto Internacional Ciencias Ejercicio Físico y Salud, Alicante, España

José Luis Mate Mate Muñoz, Alfonso X el Sabio University

Universidad Alfonso X el Sabio, Madrid, España

Juan Hernández Lougedo, Alfonso X el Sabio University

Universidad Alfonso X el Sabio, Madrid, España

Levy Anthony de-Oliveira, Federal University of Sergipe

Universidade Federal de Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Brasil

Marzo Edir Da Silva-Grigoletto, UFS

Universidade Federal de Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Brasil

References

De Lorme TL. Restoration of muscle power by heavy resistance exercises. J Bone Joint Surg [Internet]. 1945 [cited 2021 Sep 14];27(4):645-67. Available from: https://journals.lww.com/jbjsjournal/abstract/1945/27040/restoration_of_muscle_power_by_heavy_resistance.14.aspx

Houtz SJ, Parrish AM, Hellebrandt FA. The influence of heavy resistance exercise on strength. Phys Ther 1946;26(6):299-304. doi: 10.1093/ptj/26.6.299

Bird SP, Tarpenning KM, Marino FE. Designing resistance training programmes to enhance muscular fitness: a review of the acute programme variables. Sports Med 2005;35(10):841–51. doi: 10.2165/00007256-200535100-00002

Kraemer WJ, Ratamess NA. Fundamentals of resistance training: progression and exercise prescription. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2004;36(4):674-88. doi: 10.1249/01.mss.0000121945.36635.61

González-Badillo JJ, Sánchez-Medina L. Movement velocity as a measure of loading intensity in resistance training. Int J Sports Med 2010;31(05):347-52. doi: 10.1055/s-0030-1248333

González Badillo JJ, Sánchez-Medina L, Pareja-Blanco F, Rodríguez-Rosell D. La velocidad de ejecución como referencia para la programación, control y evaluación del entrenamiento de fuerza. Murcia: Ergotech Consulting; 2017.

González-Badillo JJ. Bases teóricas y experimentales para la aplicación del entrenamiento de fuerza al entrenamiento deportivo. Infocoes 2000;5(2):3-14.

Brzycki M. Strength testing-predicting a one-rep max from reps-to-fatigue. Journal of Physical Education, Recreation & Dance 1993;64(1):88-90. doi: 10.1080/07303084.1993.10606684

Hoeger WWK, Hopkins DR, Barette SL, Hale DF. Relationship between Repetitions and selected percentages of one repetition maximum: a comparison between untrained and trained males and females. J Strength Cond Res [Internet]. 1990 [cited 2021 Sep 14];4(2). Available from: https://journals.lww.com/nsca-jscr/Fulltext/1990/05000/Relationship_between_Repetitions_and_Selected.4.aspx

Sakamoto A, Sinclair PJ. Effect of movement velocity on the relationship between training load and the number of repetitions of bench press. J Strength Cond Res 2006;20(3):523. doi: 10.1519/16794.1

Kraemer WJ, Deschenes MR, Fleck SJ. Physiological adaptations to resistance exercise: implications for athletic conditioning. Sports Med 1988;6(4):246-56. doi: 10.2165/00007256-198806040-00006

Sánchez-Medina L, González-Badillo JJ. Velocity loss as an indicator of neuromuscular fatigue during resistance training. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2011;43(9):1725-34. doi: 10.1249/MSS.0b013e318213f880

Izquierdo-Gabarren M, González TER, García-Pallarés J, Sánchez-Medina L, Villarreal ESS, Izquierdo M. Concurrent endurance and strength training not to failure optimizes performance gains. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2010;42(6):1191-9. doi: 10.1249/MSS.0b013e3181c67eec

Izquierdo M, Ibañez J, González-Badillo JJ, Häkkinen K, Ratamess NA, Kraemer WJ, et al. Differential effects of strength training leading to failure versus not to failure on hormonal responses, strength, and muscle power gains. J Applied Physiol 2006;100(5):1647-56. doi: 10.1152/japplphysiol.01400.2005

Davies T, Orr R, Halaki M, Hackett D. Effect of training leading to repetition failure on muscular strength: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sports Med 2016;46(4):487-502. doi: 10.1007/s40279-015-0451-3

Pareja-Blanco F, Rodríguez-Rosell D, Sánchez-Medina L, Sanchis-Moysi J, Dorado C, Mora-Custodio R, et al. Effects of velocity loss during resistance training on athletic performance, strength gains and muscle adaptations. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2017;27(7):724-35. doi: 10.1111/sms.12678

Grgic J, Schoenfeld BJ, Orazem J, Sabol F. Effects of resistance training performed to repetition failure or non-failure on muscular strength and hypertrophy: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Sport Health Sci 2021. doi: 10.1016/j.jshs.2021.01.007

Rodríguez-Rosell D, Yáñez-García JM, Sánchez-Medina L, Mora-Custodio R, González-Badillo JJ. Relationship between velocity loss and repetitions in reserve in the bench press and back squat exercises. J Strength Cond Res 2020;34(9):2537-47. doi: 10.1519/JSC.0000000000002881

González-Badillo JJ, Yañez-García JM, Mora-Custodio R, Rodríguez-Rosell D. Velocity loss as a variable for monitoring resistance exercise. Int J Sports Med 2017;38(03):217-25. doi: 10.1055/s-0042-120324

Richens B, Cleather DJ. The relationship between the number of repetitions performed at given intensities is different in endurance and strength trained athletes. Biol Sport 2014;31(2):157-61. doi: 10.5604/20831862.1099047

Shimano T, Kraemer WJ, Spiering BA, Volek JS, Hatfield DL, Silvestre R, et al. Relationship between the number of repetitions and selected percentages of one repetition maximum in free weight exercises in trained and untrained men. J Strength Cond Res 2006;20(4):819. doi: 10.1519/R-18195.1

Terzis G, Spengos K, Manta P, Sarris N, Georgiadis G. Fiber type composition and capillary density in relation to submaximal number of repetitions in resistance exercise. J Strength Cond Res 2008;22(3):845-50. doi: 10.1519/JSC.0b013e31816a5ee4

Richmond SR, Godard MP. The effects of varied rest periods between sets to failure using the bench press in recreationally trained men. J Strength Cond Res 2004;18(4):846. doi: 10.1519/14833.1

American College of Sports Medicine position stand. Progression models in resistance training for healthy adults. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2009;41(3):687-708. doi: 10.1249/MSS.0b013e3181915670

González-Badillo J, Marques M, Sánchez-Medina L. The importance of movement velocity as a measure to control resistance training intensity. J Human Kinet 2011;29A(Special-Issue):15-9. https://doi.org10.2478/v10078-011-0053-6

Sánchez-Medina L, González-Badillo J, Pérez C, Pallarés J. Velocity- and power-load relationships of the bench pull vs. bench press exercises. Int J Sports Med 2013;35(03):209-16. doi: 10.1055/s-0033-1351252

Pallarés JG, Sánchez-Medina L, Pérez CE, Cruz-Sánchez E, Mora-Rodriguez R. Imposing a pause between the eccentric and concentric phases increases the reliability of isoinertial strength assessments. J Sports Sci 2014;32(12):1165-75. doi: 10.1080/02640414.2014.889844

Sánchez-Medina L, Pallarés J, Pérez C, Morán-Navarro R, González-Badillo J. Estimation of relative load from bar velocity in the full back squat exercise. Sports Med Int Open 2017;2:E80-8. doi: 10.1055/s-0043-102933

Helms ER, Cronin J, Storey A, Zourdos MC. Application of the repetitions in reserve-based rating of perceived exertion scale for resistance training. Strength Cond J 2016;38(4):42–9. doi: 10.1519/SSC.0000000000000218

Zourdos MC, Klemp A, Dolan C, Quiles JM, Schau KA, Jo E, et al. Novel resistance training–specific rating of perceived exertion scale measuring repetitions in reserve. J Strength Cond Res 2016;30(1):267-75. doi: 10.1519/JSC.0000000000001049

Haff G. Quantifying workloads in resistance training: a brief review. Prof Strength and Cond [Internet]. 2010 [cited 2021 Sep 14];10:31-40. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/239731099_Quantifying_Workloads_in_Resistance_Training_A_Brief_Review

Robbins DW, Young WB, Behm DG, Payne WR. Agonist-antagonist paired set resistance training: a brief review. J Strength Cond Res 2010;24(10):2873-82. doi: 10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181f00bfc

Scott BR, Duthie GM, Thornton HR, Dascombe BJ. Training monitoring for resistance exercise: theory and applications. Sports Med 2016;46(5):687-98. doi: 10.1007/s40279-015-0454-0

Wallace W, Ugrinowitsch C, Stefan M, Rauch J, Barakat C, Shields K, et al. Repeated bouts of advanced strength training techniques: effects on volume load, metabolic responses, and muscle activation in trained individuals. Sports 2019;7(1):14. doi: 10.3390/sports7010014

Wolfe BL, LeMura LM, Cole PJ. Quantitative analysis of single- vs. multiple-set programs in resistance training. J Strength Cond Res 2004;18(1):35-47. doi: 10.1519/1533-4287(2004)018<0035:qaosvm>2.0.co;2

Morán-Navarro R, Martínez-Cava A, Sánchez-Medina L, Mora-Rodríguez R, González-Badillo JJ, Pallarés JG. Movement velocity as a measure of level of effort during resistance exercise. J Strength Cond Res 2019;33(6):1496-504. doi: 10.1519/JSC.0000000000002017

Tran QT, Docherty D. Dynamic training volume: a construct of both time under tension and volume load. J Sports Sci Med [Internet]. 2006 [cited 2021 Sep 14];5(4):707-13. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24357968/

González Badillo JJ, Ribas Serna J. Bases de la programación del entrenamiento de fuerza. Barcelona: INDE; 2002.

González Badillo JJ, Gorostiaga Ayestarán E. Fundamentos del entrenamiento de la fuerza: aplicación al alto rendimiento deportivo. Barcelona: INDE; 2002.

Rodríguez-Rosell D, Yáñez-García JM, Torres-Torrelo J, Mora-Custodio R, Marques MC, González-Badillo JJ. Effort index as a novel variable for monitoring the level of effort during resistance exercises. J Strength Cond Res 2018;32(8):2139-53. doi: 10.1519/JSC.0000000000002629

Published

2021-12-07